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The Abbasid Revolution refers to the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in early Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE). Coming to power three decades after the death of the Muslim prophet Muhammad and immediately after the Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyads were a feudal Arab empire ruling over a population which was overwhelmingly non-Arab as well as primarily non-Muslim. Non-Arabs were treated as second class citizens regardless of whether or not they converted to Islam, and this discontent cutting across faiths and ethnicities ultimately led to the Umayyad's overthrow.〔Paul Rivlin, (Arab Economies in the Twenty-First Century ), p. 86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. ISBN 9780521895002〕 The Abbasi family claimed to have descended from the Prophet. The revolution essentially marked the end of the Arab empire and the beginning of a more inclusive, multiethnic state in the Middle East.〔Saïd Amir Arjomand, ( Abd Allah Ibn al-Muqaffa and the Abbasid Revolution ). Iranian Studies, vol. 27, #1-4. London: Routledge, 1994.〕 Remembered as one of the most well-organized revolutions during its period in history, it reoriented the focus of the Muslim world to the east.〔Hala Mundhir Fattah, (A Brief History of Iraq ), p. 77. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. ISBN 9780816057672〕 ==Background== By the 740s, the Umayyad Empire found itself in critical condition. A dispute over succession in 744 led to the Third Muslim Civil War, which raged across the Middle East for two years. The very next year, Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani initiated a Kharijite rebellion that would continue until 746. Concurrently to this, a rebellion broke out in reaction to Marwan II's decision to move the capital from Damascus to Harran, resulting in the destruction of Homs – also in 746. It wasn't until 747 that Marwan II was able to pacify the provinces; the Abbasid Revolution began within months.〔G. R. Hawting, (The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750 ), p. 105. London: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 9781134550586〕 Nasr ibn Sayyar was appointed governor of Khorosan by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 738. He held on to his post throughout the civil war, being confirmed as governor by Marwan II in the aftermath.〔 Khorosan's expansive size and low population density meant that the Arab denizens – both military and civilian – lived largely outside of the garrisons built during the spread of Islam. This was in contrast to the rest of the Umayyad provinces, where Arabs tended to seclude themselves in fortresses and avoided interaction with the locals.〔Peter Stearns, Michael Adas, Stuart Schwartz and Marc Jason Gilbert."The Umayyad Imperium." Taken from ''World Civilizations:The Global Experience'', combined volume. 7th ed. Zug: Pearson Education, 2014. ISBN 9780205986309〕 Arab settlers in Khorasan left their traditional lifestyle and settled among the native Iranian peoples.〔 While intermarriage with Arabs elsewhere in the Empire was discouraged or even banned,〔Patrick Clawson, ''Eternal Iran'', p. 17. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6〕〔Al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, p. 417.〕 it slowly became a habit within eastern Khorasan; as the Arabs began adopting Persian dress and the two languages influenced one another, the ethnic barriers came down.〔G.R. Hawting, ''The First Dynasty of Islam'', pp. 105 & 113.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abbasid Revolution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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